1082 Results for: "Test Lead"

Supplier: Genetex

Biological actions of Insulin and IGF1 are mediated by their respective cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases that regulate multiple signaling pathways through activation of a series of phosphorylation cascades. The Insulin Receptor and IGF1R are heterotetrameric proteins consisting of two ligand-binding alpha subunits and two beta subunits that each contain a tyrosine kinase domain. Insulin/IGF1 binding to the extracellular domain leads to auto-phosphorylation of the receptor and activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of downstream target proteins. These two receptors differ in sequence in regions that confer specificity for the designated ligand as well as in certain intracellular signaling domains, resulting in significant differences in the functional consequences of activation of each receptor. The catalytic loops within the tyrosine kinase domains of the Insulin Receptor/IGF1R contain a three tyrosine motif corresponding to tyrosines 1158, 1162 and 1163 (for the IR) and 1131, 1135 and 1136 (for the IGF1R). It is generally believed that autophosphorylation within the activation loop proceeds in a processive manner initiating at the second tyrosine (1162 or 1135), followed by phosphorylation at the first tyrosine (1158 or 1131), then the last (1163 or 1136), upon which the Insulin Receptor or IGF1R becomes fully active.

Supplier: Prosci

Acts as part of the IKK complex in the conventional pathway of NF-κ-B activation and phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-κ-B thus leading to the dissociation of the inhibitor/NF-κ-B complex and ultimately the degradation of the inhibitor. As part of the non-canonical pathway of NF-κ-B activation, the MAP3K14-activated CHUK/IKKA homodimer phosphorylates NFKB2/p100 associated with RelB, inducing its proteolytic processing to NFKB2/p52 and the formation of NF-κ-B RelB-p52 complexes. Also phosphorylates NCOA3. Phosphorylates 'Ser-10' of histone H3 at NF-κ-B-regulated promoters during inflammatory responses triggered by cytokines.

Supplier: Genetex

The nuclear lamina consists of a two-dimensional matrix of proteins located next to the inner nuclear membrane. The lamin family of proteins make up the matrix and are highly conserved in evolution. During mitosis, the lamina matrix is reversibly disassembled as the lamin proteins are phosphorylated. Lamin proteins are thought to be involved in nuclear stability, chromatin structure and gene expression. Vertebrate lamins consist of two types, A and B. Through alternate splicing, this gene encodes three type A lamin isoforms. Mutations in this gene lead to several diseases: Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, familial partial lipodystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. [provided by RefSeq]

Supplier: Genetex

ErbB2 (also known as Her2 or neu) is a 185 kDa transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase from the EGFR family that acts to regulate a variety of biological responses including cell growth, differentiation, and tissue development. Ligand binding to the extracellular domain, or overexpression of the receptor leads to phosphorylation on several tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic domain, and activation. Overexpression or abnormal activation of ErbB2 has been found in a variety of tumors including brain, breast, lung and skin cancer. Autophosphorylation of tyrosine 1139 on ErbB2 allows binding of Grb2 and the Src SH2 domain, which allows activation of the Ras, Raf, ERK1&2 and JAK/STAT signaling pathways, respectively.

Supplier: Prosci

AXIN2 Antibody: Like the related protein AXIN1, AXIN2 is thought to play an important role in the regulation of the stability of beta-catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway. In mouse, AXIN2 organizes a multiprotein complex of APC (adenomatous polyposis of the colon), beta-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta, and AXIN2, which leads to the degradation of beta-catenin, which is thought to be an important event in the genesis of a number of malignancies. The AXIN2 gene has been mapped to 17q23-q24, a region that shows frequent loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer, neuroblastoma, and other tumors. Mutations in this gene have been associated with colorectal cancer with defective mismatch repair.

Supplier: Prosci

Frizzled-2 (FZD2) is also known as FzE2, which belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. FZD2 contains one FZ (frizzled) domain. FZD2 may be involved in transduction and intercellular transmission of polarity information during tissue morphogenesis and/or in differentiated tissues. The Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp motif of FZD2 interacts with the PDZ doman of Dvl (Disheveled) family members and is involved in the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.

Supplier: Prosci

Pellino 1 Antibody: The Pellino proteins are a highly homologous family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that act as upstream mediators in Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways that lead to activation of MAP kinases and transcription factors. Pellino 1 is required for interleukin-1-mediated signaling through its interaction with the IRAK4-IRAK-TRAF6 complex, ultimately resulting in the activation of NF-kappa B. Like other members of the Pellino family, Pellino 1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, able to catalyze the polyubiquitination of IRAK1. It is activated via phosphorylation by either IRAK1 and IRAK4 or the IKK-related kinases IKK-epsilon and TBK1. In addition to phosphorylation, Pellino 1 activity is also modulated via ubiquitination and sumoylation.

Supplier: MOUSER ELECTRONICS MS

TEST LEAD 36IN BANANA PLUG PATCHCORD BK

Supplier: Prosci

Clenbuterol belongs to the group of agonists. In livestock production clenbuterol improves the meat/fat ratio in fattened animals or accelerate the growth. Up to now agonists have not been authorized as adjuvants for fattening. In addition to its lipolytic and anabolic effect, clenbuterol has a relaxing effect on non-striated musculature on which is based its therapeutic use as an antiasthmatic and a tocolytic agent. When employed as a fattening adjuvant, as compared with the therapeutic use, clenbuterol is administered in a 5 to 10 times higher dose. Therefore, it is possible that clenbuterol residues may lead to a risk for consumers after illegal administration.Using the clenbuterol monocalantibody, it is possible to detect clenbuterol and other agonists in urine, muscle and liver both rapidly and with accuracy.

Supplier: Genetex

NFkB comprises a family of cellular transcription factors that are involved in the inducible expression of a variety of cellular genes that regulate the inflammatory response and control of cell death. In the cytoplasm NFk B is negatively modulated by the inhibitory proteins Ik-B. In turn Ik-B is phosphorylated by a cellular kinase complex called IKK. IKK is a heterodimer composed of two kinases: IKK alpha and IKK beta which phosphorylate Ik-B leading to its degradation and the resulting translocation of NFk B to the nucleus. IKK kinase activity is modulated negatively by pharmaceutical agents such as aspirin and positively by various cellular components such as TNF alpha , endotoxins and overexpression of cellular kinases like MEKK1. Aspirin appears to have its effect by inhibiting the binding of ATP to IKK.

Supplier: Prosci

VLK Antibody: VLK was identified as a novel protein kinase that was induced after the differentiation of cultured embryonic stem cells into mesendoderm. It has no homologs in invertebrates, but is highly conserved in vertebrate species although it does not belong to any known protein kinase groups. VLK is initially expressed in E-cadherin-positive anterior visceral endoderm and mesendoderm, but its expression is later confined to E-cadherin-negative mesenchyme. It is enriched in the Golgi apparatus and is thought to regulate the rate of protein export from the Golgi. Targeted disruption of VLK in mice leads to a defect in lung development and neonatal lethality. It has been suggested that mutations in VLK may be associated with the allergic condition atopy.

Supplier: Prosci

MSI2 Antibody: Musashi2 (MSI2) is an RNA-binding protein that is highly expressed in precursor cells in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing mammalian CNS. Like the related MSI1, MSI2 has been suggested to be involved stem cell production and maintenance. MSI2 is the predominant MSI protein in hematopoietic stem cells, and its knockdown leads to reduced engraftment and depletion in vivo. Expression levels of MSI2 are elevated in myeloid leukemia cells lines, and MSI2 appears to cooperate with BCR-ABL1 to induce an aggressive leukemia; the level of MSI2 directly correlates with decreased survival in patients. MSI2 negatively regulates the asymmetric cell fate determinant NUMB, suggesting that this signaling pathway may provide future targets for future therapies.

Supplier: Genetex

Transcription factor that specifically recognizes and binds E-box sequences (3'-CANNTG-5'). Efficient DNA-binding requires dimerization with itself or with another MiT/TFE family member such as TFE3 or MITF. In association with TFE3, activates the expression of CD40L in T-cells, thereby playing a role in T-cell-dependent antibody responses in activated CD4(+) T-cells and thymus-dependent humoral immunity. Specifically recognizes and binds the CLEAR-box sequence (5'-GTCACGTGAC-3') present in the regulatory region of many lysosomal genes, leading to activate their expression. It thereby plays a central role in expression of lysosomal genes. Specifically recognizes the gamma-E3 box, a subset of E-boxes, present in the heavy-chain immunoglobulin enhancer. Plays a role in the signal transduction processes required for normal vascularization of the placenta.

Supplier: Prosci

LRRTM3 Antibody: The Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) are differentially expressed in the nervous system and were recently found to instruct presynaptic and mediate postsynaptic glutamatergic differentiation, with LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 most potent at inducing presynaptic differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that LRRTM3 promotes the processing of amyloid-precursor protein (APP) by the beta-secretase BACE, leading to the proteolytic production of the Abeta42 peptide that is the main component of amyloid plaques. Furthermore, LRRTM3 maps to a region of chromosome 10 linked to both late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elevated plasma Abeta42 levels, suggesting that LRRTM3 is a functional and positional candidate gene for AD.

Supplier: Prosci

PRTFDC1 Antibody: Phosphoribosyl transferase domain containing 1 (PRTFDC1) is highly homologous to the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT1) and may have arisen from a gene duplication event of a common ancestor gene. Recently, it was shown that CpG islands in the PRTFDC1 promoter could be hypermethylated in ovarian cancers and oral squamous-cell carcinomas (OSCC), leading to gene silencing. Restoration of PRTFDC1 expression in OSCC inhibited cell growth in colony-formation assays, while knockdown of PRTFDC1 expression in OSCC that expressed the gene promoted cell growth. These results suggest that PRTFDC1 can act as a tumor-suppressor gene. At least three isoforms of PRTFDC1 are known to exist.

Supplier: Prosci

Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.

Supplier: Prosci

VEGF165 is the most abundant splice variant of VEGF-A. VEGF165 is produced by a number of cells including endothelial cells, macrophages and T cells. VEGF165 is involved in angiogenesis, vascular endothelial cell survival, growth, migration and vascular permeability. VEGF gene expression is induced by hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines and oncogenes. VEGF165 binds to heparan sulfate and is retained on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. VEGF165 binds to the receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. VEGF165 is the only splice variant that binds to co-receptors NRP-1 and NRP-2 that function to enhance VEGFR2 signaling. Binding of VEGF165 to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 leads to activation of the PI3K/AKT, p38 MAPK, FAK and paxillin. VEGF plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis in many cancers.

Supplier: Prosci

VASH1 Antibody: VASH1 was originally identified as an endothelium-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-inducible angiogenesis inhibitor that acts in a negative feedback manner. VASH1 mRNA is expressed brain, heart, kidney and placenta in the adult, with robust expression in various organs during embryonic development. VASH1 expression in tumor cells and tumor vasculature is silenced by methylation by increased expression of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). The increase of EZH2 expression is induced by VEGF stimulation, leading to poor clinical prognosis. Recombinant adenovirus expressing VASH prevented tumor angiogenesis and inhibited tumor growth, suggesting that it may be a potentially valuable antitumor therapy in the clinic.

Supplier: Genetex

Placental lactogen is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones and plays an important role in growth control. The gene is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 along with four other related genes in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. Although the five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity, they are expressed selectively in different tissues. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed mainly in the placenta and utilizes multiple transcription initiation sites.

Supplier: Prosci

Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.

Supplier: Prosci

DDX41 Antibody: DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp, are putative RNA helicases implicated in several cellular processes involving modifications of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. DDX41, also known as Abstrakt, interacts with and regulates the expression of sorting nexin-2 (SNX2), a protein involved in protein sorting in the trans-Golgi network. Recent evidence suggests that DDX41 also plays a role in the innate immune response by sensing intracellular viral DNA, triggering TBK1 and IRF3 activation, leading to a type I interferon immune response.

Supplier: Genetex

Acts as a 'translational enhancer', driving specific mRNAs to polysomes and thus increasing the efficiency of protein synthesis. Its association with the translational machinery and target mRNAs results in an increased number of initiation events per molecule of mRNA and, indirectly, in stabilizing the mRNAs. Binds IGF2 mRNA, MYOD1 mRNA, ARBP/36B4 ribosomal protein mRNA and its own mRNA. Essential for skeletal muscle differentiation program through the translational up-regulation of IGF2 expression (By similarity). Acts as a suppressor of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis by specifically binding the precursor let-7 (pre-let-7), a miRNA precursor. Acts by binding pre-let-7 and recruiting ZCCHC11/TUT4 uridylyltransferase, leading to the terminal uridylation of pre-let-7. Uridylated pre-let-7 miRNAs fail to be processed by Dicer and undergo degradation. Degradation of pre-let-7 in embryonic stem (ES) cells contributes to the maintenance of ES cells. In contrast, LIN28A down-regulation in neural stem cells by miR-125, allows the processing of pre-let-7. Specifically recognizes the 5'-GGAG-3' motif in the terminal loop of pre-let-7. Also recognizes and binds non pre-let-7 pre-miRNAs that contain the 5'-GGAG-3' motif in the terminal loop, leading to their terminal uridylation and subsequent degradation.

Supplier: Prosci

Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.

Supplier: Prosci

FLT3 encodes a class III receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates hematopoiesis. The receptor consists of an extracellular domain composed of five immunoglobulin-like domains, one transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain split into two parts by a kinase-insert domain. The receptor is activated by binding of the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand to the extracellular domain, which induces homodimer formation in the plasma membrane leading to autophosphorylation of the receptor. The activated receptor kinase subsequently phosphorylates and activates multiple cytoplasmic effector molecules in pathways involved in apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow. Mutations that result in the constitutive activation of this receptor result in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Supplier: Prosci

LIF Antibody: LIF is a pleiotropic cytokine with roles in several different systems. It is involved in the induction of hematopoietic differentiation in normal and myeloid leukemia cells, induction of neuronal cell differentiation, regulator of mesenchymal to epithelial conversion during kidney development, and may also have a role in immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. LIF was initially recognized by its ability to induce terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. It is a member of the IL-6 cytokine superfamily and can be highly glycosylated. LIF signaling is transduced through the LIF-R/gp130 receptor complex, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Recent evidence shows that LIF inhibits cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells via STAT3 activation.

Supplier: Prosci

ZIP1 Antibody: ZIP1, also known as ZIRTL (zinc-iron regulated transporter-like), is the first mammalian member of a family of divalent ion transporters. Zinc is an essential ion for cells and plays significant roles in the growth, development, and differentiation. ZIP1 expression is markedly downregulated in a number of cancerous tissues and is thought to function as a tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer. More recent studies have shown that overexpression of ZIP1 and concomitant increased levels of intracellular zinc in PC-3 cells cause a significant inhibition of NF-kappa B, leading to down-regulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and the apoptosis inhibitor XIAP, reducing the malignant potential of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

Supplier: Bachem Americas

CART (Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript) is a recently discovered peptide, which was initially identified as mRNA produced primarily in the rat hypothalamus after administration of psychomotor stimulants. It is a satiety factor and closely associated with the actions of two important regulators of food intake, leptin and neuropeptide Y. When systemic leptin or receptors for leptin are inhibited, expression of CART mRNA is suppressed. CART (55-102) has been isolated from the hypothalamus of ovine suggesting in vivo processing at the Lys⁵³-Arg⁵⁴ region. When injected intracerebroventricularly into rats, recombinant CART peptides inhibited both normal and starvation-induced feeding, and completely blocked the feeding response induced by neuropeptide Y. Thus far, CART (55-102) appears to be the most potent fragment with a conserved secondary structure consisting of three disulfide bridges. Disruption of this secondary structure by reduction leads to a loss of the appetite induction.

Supplier: Prosci

Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.

Supplier: Prosci

Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.

Supplier: Prosci

Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli. IL2 has been shown to have antitumor effects in some studies. This is probably mediated by cytotoxic effector cells.