You searched for: Proteins and Peptides

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes.  IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines.  IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endothelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1).  

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Myostatin, also known as GDF-8, is a conserved member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Myostatin is an essential regulator of skeletal muscle mass and cardiac muscle development and function. Myostatin is a secreted protein that negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth by determining muscle fiber number and size. Myostatin binds one of the two activin type II receptors (ACTRIIA or ACTRIIB) to activate SMAD signaling. Myostatin also activates MAPK signaling through TAK1-MKK6 and Ras pathways. Inhibition of myostatin increases muscle mass in a number of human disease animal models, such as muscular dystrophy.

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Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family and is made by the placenta and cardiovascular tissues. GDF-15 regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways during cellular stress and injury. GDF-15 is emerging as a biomarker of early heart disease, such that increased levels of circulating GDF-15 are associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure. The GDF-15 D variant has a Histidine to an Aspartate substitution at amino acid position 7.

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Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFN-γ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFN-γ binds IFN-γ receptors (IFN-γ R1 and IFN-γ R2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFN-γ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Human IFN-γ is not cross-reactive with mouse IFN-γ.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35). Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), also known as FGF-2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. FGF-basic also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-basic is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. Degredation of the full length FGF-basic N-terminus results in a truncated FGF-basic 147aa protein, when the protein is isolated from biological sources. The N-terminus extensions influence the localization of FGF-basic within the cell, but do not affect the biological activity of FGF-basic. Therefore, there are no detectable differences in biological activity between the full length FGF-basic 154aa and the truncated FGF-basic 147aa recombinant proteins.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) serves as a crucial controller of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF exists as a dimeric glycoprotein, comprising two polypeptide chains (A and B) stabilized by disulfide bridges. These chains can combine to form either heterodimers (PDGF-AB) or homodimers (PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB) PDGF-AA is commonly used for differentiation of neural progenitor cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) into oligodendrocyte precursor cells.

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Tumor growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. TGF-α function is mediated through binding the EGF receptor (EGFR) to activate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. TGF-α functions as a mitogen to activate epithelial cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. In the gastric mucosa, TGF-α production inhibits gastric acid secretion and therefore plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the stomach syndrome Ménétrier's disease. TGF-α is also produced in adult macrophages, brain cells, keratinocytes, and is widely expressed in cancer cells.

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IL-21 is a common chain cytokine regulating many cell types of the immune system. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and is expressed on T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. Plays an important role in the development of humoral immunity through its effects on B cell biology including differentiation, affinity maturation, and memory responses. Regulates T cell responses including survival of CD8⁺ T cells and inhibition of Treg cells. IL-21 plays a pivotal role in Hodgkin’s lymphoma and suppresses contact hypersensitivity reactions.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells. PDGF is also stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released upon adherence to traumatized tissues. PDGF is a dimeric glycoprotein formed by two A chains (AA), two B chains (BB), or as a heterodimer with an A and a B chain (AB). The PDGF dimer binds the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β.

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Cytokines for polarizing human T cells into Th17 cells. T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a distinct type of T cell subset that are thought to be important in immunity against microbes at the epitilial and mucosal interfaces of the body. Disruption of the regular function or balance of Th17 cells is thought to be involved in several autoimmune diseases and/or opportunistic infections. Th17 cells are characterized by their ability to produce IL-17, IL-22 and IL-21. Th17 cells can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation with recombinant IL-6 and recombinant TGF-β 1.

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IL-2C126S is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2C126S signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. Stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Promotes proliferation and differentiation of CAR T cells, T cells, and NK cells. Activates and expands T cells and NK cells from peripheral blood. The biological activity of CTGrade GMP interleukins and growth factors is standardized, where applicable, to WHO International standards, providing cell and gene therapy developers consistent, lot-to-lot biological activity and performance.

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Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor with broad production across different cell types (1). The regulation of monocyte and macrophage development to maintain homeostasis is primarily governed by M-CSF, which is generated by stromal cells present in both the bloodstream and tissues. Mature mononuclear phagocytes, in response, possess CSF-1 receptors (CSF-1R) and eliminate circulating CSF-1. This process creates a feedback mechanism responsible for diminishing monocyte proliferation (2, 3, 4). M-CSF also exerts its effects by interacting with CSF1R, influencing various processes related to immunology, bone health, fertility, and pregnancy regulation (5). Human M-CSF has cross reactivity to mouse cells, whereas mouse M-CSF does not exhibit activity on human cells (6).

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Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) exerts its effects by binding to the EGF Receptor, a protein kinase that initiates the intracellular signaling (1). EGF is widely distributed in tissues like the kidney, cerebrum, prostate, and salivary glands. EGF acts as a potent factor in promoting cell division, and the phosphorylated receptor recruit adapter proteins like GRB2, which then activate complex downstream signaling cascades. EGF stimulates the proliferation differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF possesses three intramolecular disulfide bonds and forms a strong attachment to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Activation of EGFR initiates diverse cellular pathways in response to toxic environmental stimuli, or to EGF binding to the receptor, the EGFR forms homo- or heterodimers with other family members. (2, 3). EGF activates at least four major downstream signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, PI3 kinase-AKT, PLC gamma-PKC, and STAT modules. Additionally, research suggests that EGF may play a significant role in activating the NF-kappa-B signaling cascade (4). Mutations in the EGF gene are responsible for hypomagnesemia type 4, and its dysregulation has been linked to the development and progression of certain cancers (5).

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Visfatin is an adipokine produced by visceral adipose tissue. Visfatin acts as a pro-inflammatory factor for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and mimics the effects of insulin on adipocytes, monocytes, and hepatocytes.

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

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Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B Ligand (RANK Ligand) is a cell-bound marker related to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins. RANK Ligand plays a critical role in bone metabolism and osteoclast differentiation. T cell expression of RANK Ligand promotes dendritic cell maturation.

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Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a member of a small group of hedgehog secreted proteins that are essential for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. There are three mammalian hedgehog homologues, sonic, desert, and indian, that signal via the Patched-1 and Patched-2 receptors. SHH is a morphogen that is essential during vertebrate organogenesis and adult stem cell division.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-α signal activation occurs through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.  

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF-9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF-9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) binds the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) to antagonize interleukin 1 alpha and beta signaling. IL-1RA is secreted by immune cells, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes to inhibit IL-1-induced inflammation.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

Supplier: VWR International

Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. IL-5 acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells.

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Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), or CXCL10, is a chemokine secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in response to interferon gamma (IFN-γ).  IP-10 functions as a chemoattractant for activated T cells, monocytes, dendritic, and natural killer (NK) cells that express the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR3.  IP-10 is an important factor in autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus. 

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Interleukin 36 gamma (IL-36 ɣ) is a member of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) cytokine family and protects against pathogens in the skin, lung, and stomach epithelial barriers. IL-36 ɣ binds the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and the orphan IL-1R-related protein 2 (IL-1Rrp2) receptors to activate NF-kB and MAP kinase signaling pathways, resulting in the induced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

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Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. IL-5 acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. IL-5 expression is regulated by the GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) transcription factor. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.